前言

在数据同步见过sqoop，datax，hdata，filesync，这四个工具。分析内部的实现逻辑各有巧思，也收获良多。 Sqoop1和sqoop2 底层数据同步的基本原理是一样的，所以我选择了sqoop1的源码作为分析的切入点。datax和hdata在架构上大同小异，hdata在数据传输借鉴了Disruptor一些内部实现，从Disruptor官网文档介绍让人对的原理及其感兴趣。好东西留待以后慢慢研究，所以选择datax更为一般的实现。filesync是公司内部开发的一个文件同步工具，用于远程文件和hdfs的文件同步

Sqoop

导入

sqoop从数据库同步到hdfs有俩种方式，1，JDBC的连接。2，使用数据库提供的工具我们以mysql为例子同步过程分为三个步骤：1，对数据分片；2，读取数据；3，写入数据

JDBC

对数据分片采用通用方式，用count聚合函数获取需要同步的数据量nums，获取设置的map数m，nums/m就是每个map需要同步的数据量，见下面代码:

//1，对数据进行分片
  @Override
  public List<InputSplit> getSplits(JobContext job) throws IOException {
...
    
      statement = connection.createStatement();
      //获取nums
      results = statement.executeQuery(getCountQuery());
      long count = results.getLong(1);
      int chunks = ConfigurationHelper.getJobNumMaps(job);
      long chunkSize = (count / chunks);
...
      for (int i = 0; i < chunks; i++) {
        DBInputSplit split;

        if ((i + 1) == chunks) {
          split = new DBInputSplit(i * chunkSize, count);
        } else {
          split = new DBInputSplit(i * chunkSize, (i * chunkSize)
              + chunkSize);
        }

        splits.add(split);
      }
...
    }
  }

  protected String getCountQuery() {

    if (dbConf.getInputCountQuery() != null) {
      return dbConf.getInputCountQuery();
    }

    StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();
    query.append("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM " + tableName);

    if (conditions != null && conditions.length() > 0) {
      query.append(" WHERE " + conditions);
    }
    return query.toString();
  }
//2,读取数据库中的数据
// 根据构造函数创建select 语句，sqoop中分为三种oracle，db2，通用
  protected String getSelectQuery() {
    StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();

    // Default codepath for MySQL, HSQLDB, etc.
    // Relies on LIMIT/OFFSET for splits.
    if (dbConf.getInputQuery() == null) {
      query.append("SELECT ");

      for (int i = 0; i < fieldNames.length; i++) {
        query.append(fieldNames[i]);
        if (i != fieldNames.length -1) {
          query.append(", ");
        }
      }

      query.append(" FROM ").append(tableName);
      query.append(" AS ").append(tableName); //in hsqldb this is necessary
      if (conditions != null && conditions.length() > 0) {
        query.append(" WHERE (").append(conditions).append(")");
      }

      String orderBy = dbConf.getInputOrderBy();
      if (orderBy != null && orderBy.length() > 0) {
        query.append(" ORDER BY ").append(orderBy);
      }
    } else {
      //PREBUILT QUERY
      query.append(dbConf.getInputQuery());
    }

    try {
      query.append(" LIMIT ").append(split.getLength());
      query.append(" OFFSET ").append(split.getStart());
    } catch (IOException ex) {
      // Ignore, will not throw.
    }

    return query.toString();
  }
// 3,写入hdfs，采用一般的context.write

从读取数据库中够着的语句看得出作者是有一番琢磨的，但是个人对构造的数据库语句的执行性能表示不大满意，也可能是出于通用写法，也可能是作者对数据不太了解，eg:在oracle中可以加入hint采用直接路径读方式，效率可以提升一个量级。

数据库客户端工具

采用mysql提供的客户端工具sqldump，要使用的前提是集群的机子有安装mysql 客户端。

// 分片获取的上下限的方式,如下：
  protected String getBoundingValsQuery() {
    // If the user has provided a query, use that instead.
    String userQuery = getDBConf().getInputBoundingQuery();
    if (null != userQuery) {
      return userQuery;
    }

    // Auto-generate one based on the table name we've been provided with.
    StringBuilder query = new StringBuilder();

    String splitCol = getDBConf().getInputOrderBy();
    query.append("SELECT MIN(").append(splitCol).append("), ");
    query.append("MAX(").append(splitCol).append(") FROM ");
    query.append(getDBConf().getInputTableName());
    String conditions = getDBConf().getInputConditions();
    if (null != conditions) {
      query.append(" WHERE ( " + conditions + " )");
    }

    return query.toString();
  }
//2,读取数据，这是最特别的实现，通过构造mysqldump语句导出数据
  public void map(String splitConditions, NullWritable val, Context context)
      throws IOException, InterruptedException {

    LOG.info("Beginning mysqldump fast path import");

    ArrayList<String> args = new ArrayList<String>();
    String tableName = conf.get(MySQLUtils.TABLE_NAME_KEY);

    // We need to parse the connect string URI to determine the database name.
    // Using java.net.URL directly on the connect string will fail because
    // Java doesn't respect arbitrary JDBC-based schemes. So we chop off the
    // scheme (everything before '://') and replace it with 'http', which we
    // know will work.
    String connectString = conf.get(MySQLUtils.CONNECT_STRING_KEY);
    String databaseName = JdbcUrl.getDatabaseName(connectString);
    String hostname = JdbcUrl.getHostName(connectString);
    int port = JdbcUrl.getPort(connectString);

    if (null == databaseName) {
      throw new IOException("Could not determine database name");
    }

    LOG.info("Performing import of table " + tableName + " from database "
        + databaseName);

    args.add(MySQLUtils.MYSQL_DUMP_CMD); // requires that this is on the path.

    String password = DBConfiguration.getPassword((JobConf) conf);
    String passwordFile = null;

    Process p = null;
    AsyncSink sink = null;
    AsyncSink errSink = null;
    PerfCounters counters = new PerfCounters();
    try {
      // --defaults-file must be the first argument.
      if (null != password && password.length() > 0) {
        passwordFile = MySQLUtils.writePasswordFile(conf);
        args.add("--defaults-file=" + passwordFile);
      }

      // Don't use the --where="<whereClause>" version because spaces in it can
      // confuse Java, and adding in surrounding quotes confuses Java as well.
      String whereClause = conf.get(MySQLUtils.WHERE_CLAUSE_KEY, "(1=1)")
          + " AND (" + splitConditions + ")";
      args.add("-w");
      args.add(whereClause);

      args.add("--host=" + hostname);
      if (-1 != port) {
        args.add("--port=" + Integer.toString(port));
      }
      args.add("--skip-opt");
      args.add("--compact");
      args.add("--no-create-db");
      args.add("--no-create-info");
      args.add("--quick"); // no buffering
      args.add("--single-transaction");

      String username = conf.get(MySQLUtils.USERNAME_KEY);
      if (null != username) {
        args.add("--user=" + username);
      }

      // If the user supplied extra args, add them here.
      String [] extra = conf.getStrings(MySQLUtils.EXTRA_ARGS_KEY);
      if (null != extra) {
        for (String arg : extra) {
          args.add(arg);
        }
      }

      args.add(databaseName);
      args.add(tableName);
...

      // Actually start the mysqldump.
      p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args.toArray(new String[0]));
	...
  }
// 3,写入hdfs，这个也是值得说一说地方，作者将导出后的数据，切分成 A，B，C 这种格式（分隔符，可依据传入的参数指定）然后在统一推到hdfs。
    private static class CopyingStreamThread extends ErrorableThread {
      public static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(
          CopyingStreamThread.class.getName());
	...
      public void run() {
        BufferedReader r = null;
        ...
          r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(this.stream));

          // Actually do the read/write transfer loop here.
          int preambleLen = -1; // set to this for "undefined"
          while (true) {
            String inLine = r.readLine();
            if (null == inLine) {
              break; // EOF.
            }

            if (inLine.trim().length() == 0 || inLine.startsWith("--")) {
              continue; // comments and empty lines are ignored
            }

            // this line is of the form "INSERT .. VALUES ( actual value text
            // );" strip the leading preamble up to the '(' and the trailing
            // ');'.
            if (preambleLen == -1) {
              // we haven't determined how long the preamble is. It's constant
              // across all lines, so just figure this out once.
              String recordStartMark = "VALUES (";
              preambleLen = inLine.indexOf(recordStartMark)
                  + recordStartMark.length();
            }

            // chop off the leading and trailing text as we write the
            // output to HDFS.
            int len = inLine.length() - 2 - preambleLen;
            context.write(inLine.substring(preambleLen, inLine.length() - 2)
                + "\n", null);
            counters.addBytes(1 + len);
          }
        ...
      }
    }
  }

导出

sqoop 还是提供俩种方式 1，jdbc；2，客户端导出

JDBC

使用jdbc导出，使用客户端的insert语句，批量插入。比较一般，具体可见jdbc批量插入相关章节

使用客户端工具

mapreduce 先将hdfs数据写入到本地文件路径，按表名命名的文件，mysqlimport 读取本地文件将输入导出到mysql

private void initMySQLImportProcess() throws IOException {
    File taskAttemptDir = TaskId.getLocalWorkPath(conf);

    this.fifoFile = new File(taskAttemptDir,
        conf.get(MySQLUtils.TABLE_NAME_KEY, "UNKNOWN_TABLE") + ".txt");
    String filename = fifoFile.toString();

    // Create the FIFO itself.
    try {
      new NamedFifo(this.fifoFile).create();
    } catch (IOException ioe) {
      // Command failed.
      LOG.error("Could not mknod " + filename);
      this.fifoFile = null;
      throw new IOException(
          "Could not create FIFO to interface with mysqlimport", ioe);
    }

    // Now open the connection to mysqlimport.
    ArrayList<String> args = new ArrayList<String>();

    String connectString = conf.get(MySQLUtils.CONNECT_STRING_KEY);
    String databaseName = JdbcUrl.getDatabaseName(connectString);
    String hostname = JdbcUrl.getHostName(connectString);
    int port = JdbcUrl.getPort(connectString);

    if (null == databaseName) {
      throw new IOException("Could not determine database name");
    }

    args.add(MySQLUtils.MYSQL_IMPORT_CMD); // needs to be on the path.
    String password = DBConfiguration.getPassword((JobConf) conf);

    if (null != password && password.length() > 0) {
      passwordFile = new File(MySQLUtils.writePasswordFile(conf));
      args.add("--defaults-file=" + passwordFile);
    }

    String username = conf.get(MySQLUtils.USERNAME_KEY);
    if (null != username) {
      args.add("--user=" + username);
    }

    args.add("--host=" + hostname);
    if (-1 != port) {
      args.add("--port=" + Integer.toString(port));
    }

    args.add("--compress");
    args.add("--local");
    args.add("--silent");

    // Specify the subset of columns we're importing.
    DBConfiguration dbConf = new DBConfiguration(conf);
    String [] cols = dbConf.getInputFieldNames();
    if (null != cols) {
      StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
      boolean first = true;
      for (String col : cols) {
        if (!first) {
          sb.append(",");
        }
        sb.append(col);
        first = false;
      }

      args.add("--columns=" + sb.toString());
    }

    // Specify the delimiters to use.
    int outputFieldDelim = conf.getInt(MySQLUtils.OUTPUT_FIELD_DELIM_KEY,
        (int) ',');
    int outputRecordDelim = conf.getInt(MySQLUtils.OUTPUT_RECORD_DELIM_KEY,
        (int) '\n');
    int enclosedBy = conf.getInt(MySQLUtils.OUTPUT_ENCLOSED_BY_KEY, 0);
    int escapedBy = conf.getInt(MySQLUtils.OUTPUT_ESCAPED_BY_KEY, 0);
    boolean encloseRequired = conf.getBoolean(
        MySQLUtils.OUTPUT_ENCLOSE_REQUIRED_KEY, false);

    args.add("--fields-terminated-by=0x"
        + Integer.toString(outputFieldDelim, 16));
    args.add("--lines-terminated-by=0x"
        + Integer.toString(outputRecordDelim, 16));
    if (0 != enclosedBy) {
      if (encloseRequired) {
        args.add("--fields-enclosed-by=0x" + Integer.toString(enclosedBy, 16));
      } else {
        args.add("--fields-optionally-enclosed-by=0x"
            + Integer.toString(enclosedBy, 16));
      }
    }

    if (0 != escapedBy) {
      args.add("--escaped-by=0x" + Integer.toString(escapedBy, 16));
    }

    // These two arguments are positional and must be last.
    args.add(databaseName);
    args.add(filename);

...

    // Actually start mysqlimport.
    mysqlImportProcess = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(args.toArray(new String[0]));
...

  }

datax

这是阿里开源了一个单机版本的源码，想要达成的一个目标，所有数据的交换都只要datax提供一种通用的接口就可以，用起来简单，不需要开发人员在学习mysql，oracle，mapreduce等的代码编写，想法很棒。结构如下：

数据的传输全部依赖内存，实现基本原理类似flume，memorychanne。俩者都有数据丢失可能，在异常情况下。有兴趣的同学可以去看看flume的源码。回到导入导出的话题。 在导入和导出，datax提供了一个统一的模型采用jdbc方式去链接。

public void startRead(Configuration readerSliceConfig,
                              RecordSender recordSender,
                              TaskPluginCollector taskPluginCollector, int fetchSize) {
  String querySql = readerSliceConfig.getString(Key.QUERY_SQL);
  String table = readerSliceConfig.getString(Key.TABLE);

  PerfTrace.getInstance().addTaskDetails(taskId, table + "," + basicMsg);

  LOG.info("Begin to read record by Sql: [{}\n] {}.",
           querySql, basicMsg);
  PerfRecord queryPerfRecord = new PerfRecord(taskGroupId,taskId, PerfRecord.PHASE.SQL_QUERY);
  queryPerfRecord.start();

  Connection conn = DBUtil.getConnection(this.dataBaseType, jdbcUrl,
                                         username, password);

  // session config .etc related
  DBUtil.dealWithSessionConfig(conn, readerSliceConfig,
                               this.dataBaseType, basicMsg);

  int columnNumber = 0;
  ResultSet rs = null;
  try {
    rs = DBUtil.query(conn, querySql, fetchSize);
    queryPerfRecord.end();

    ResultSetMetaData metaData = rs.getMetaData();
    columnNumber = metaData.getColumnCount();

    //这个统计干净的result_Next时间
    PerfRecord allResultPerfRecord = new PerfRecord(taskGroupId, taskId, PerfRecord.PHASE.RESULT_NEXT_ALL);
    allResultPerfRecord.start();

    long rsNextUsedTime = 0;
    long lastTime = System.nanoTime();
    while (rs.next()) {
      rsNextUsedTime += (System.nanoTime() - lastTime);
      this.transportOneRecord(recordSender, rs,
                              metaData, columnNumber, mandatoryEncoding, taskPluginCollector);
      lastTime = System.nanoTime();
    }

    allResultPerfRecord.end(rsNextUsedTime);
    //目前大盘是依赖这个打印，而之前这个Finish read record是包含了sql查询和result next的全部时间
    LOG.info("Finished read record by Sql: [{}\n] {}.",
             querySql, basicMsg);

  }catch (Exception e) {
    throw RdbmsException.asQueryException(this.dataBaseType, e, querySql, table, username);
  } finally {
    DBUtil.closeDBResources(null, conn);
  }
}

总结

sqoop和datax都采用插件的方式方便用户进行开发新的读写插件，但是基于现有的代码来看，sqoop的direct模式的性能会比datax更高，而且sqoop是站在大象的肩膀上，稳定性会比单机版的datax来得高

扩展

• 构建分布式集群的datax构思，

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class AccumulateNum implements Serializable {


    public final static List<Integer> LST_NUM=new ArrayList();

    static {
        for(int i=1;i<=100000;i++){
            LST_NUM.add(i);
        }
    }

    public static class AccumulateTask extends RecursiveTask<Long> {

        //fork的粒度
        private final static int THRESHOLD=1000;
        private int start;
        private int end;
        public AccumulateTask(int start,int end){
            this.start=start;
            this.end=end;
        }

        @Override
        public Long compute() {
            long sum=0;
            if(end<=start)return sum;

            if(end-start<THRESHOLD){
                //拆分到理想的粒度进行求和
                for(int i=start;i<=end;++i){
                    sum+= LST_NUM.get(i);
                }
            }else {
                //继续拆分所有求和的数组
                int mid=(start+end)/2;
                AccumulateTask left = new AccumulateTask(start, mid);
                left.fork();
                AccumulateTask right = new AccumulateTask(mid + 1, end);
                right.fork();
                sum=left.join();
                sum += right.join();
            }
            return sum;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        int cpu_num=Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
        ForkJoinPool pool = new ForkJoinPool();
        Long startTime=System.nanoTime();
        Future<Long> future =pool.submit(new AccumulateTask(0,LST_NUM.size()-1));
        Long endTime=System.nanoTime();
        System.out.println(future.get());
        System.out.println(endTime-startTime+"ns");
        pool.shutdown();
        pool.awaitTermination(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    }
}

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